Archived Workshops/References
California Tiger Salamander
Description
The California best replica watches uk tiger salamander has been protected as a threatened species throughout the species' range by the federal Endangered Species Act since August 2004. The Sonoma and Santa Barbara populations were reinstated with 'endangered' status in August 2005. In 2010, the species was listed as 'threatened' by the state of California.
The California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) is an amphibian in the family Ambystomatidae. It is a large, stocky, terrestrial salamander with a broad, rounded snout. Adults males are about 8 inches long, females a little less than 7.
The species is restricted to grasslands and low (under 1500 foot) foothill regions where lowland aquatic sites are available for breeding. They prefer natural ephemeral pools or ponds that mimic them (stock ponds that are allowed to go dry).
This species is restricted to California and does not overlap with any other species of tiger salamander. California tiger salamanders are restricted to vernal pools and seasonal ponds, including many constructed stockponds, in grassland and oak savannah plant communities from sea level to about 1,500 feet in central California. In the Coastal region, populations are scattered from Sonoma County in the northern San Francisco Bay Area to Santa Barbara County, and in the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills from Yolo to Kern counties.
The Sonoma population appears to have been geographically isolated from the remainder of the California tiger salamander population by distance, mountains and major waterway barriers for more than 700,000 years.
The primary cause of the decline of California tiger salamander populations is the loss and fragmentation of habitat from human activities and the encroachment of nonnative predators. Federal, State and local laws have not prevented past and ongoing losses of habitat. All of the estimated seven genetic populations of this species have been significantly reduced because of urban and agricultural development, land conversion, and other human-caused factors.
Automobiles and off-road vehicles kill a significant number of migrating California tiger salamanders, and contaminated runoff from roads, highways and agriculture may adversely affect them.
Much of the above is quoted from the USFWS website.
Training Programs
Documents and Publications
| TITLE DATE ADDED |
AUTHOR SOURCE |
DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
| WORKSHOP MATERIALS | ||
| California Tiger Salamander Workshop Presentation PDF, 3.9MB Jun 12 13 |
Dr. Pete Trenham
Dr. Chris Searcy Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program 2015 |
Current presentation for CTS workshop |
| California Tiger Salamander Workshop Supplemental Materials PDF, 443KB Jun 07 12 |
Dr. Pete Trenham Elkhorn Slough Coastal Training Program May 2015 |
Includes bibliography |
| Presentation: California Department of Fish and Game's CTS 2009 Presentation PDF, 1MB Apr 13 09 |
Julie Vance CDFG April 2009 |
This presentation was given during our 2009 CTS workshop by Julie Vance and outlines CDFG's process of project screening and review as well as how the status of the species to the State of California. |
| Presentation: Daniel Russell - USFW and CTS 2009 PDF, 592KB Apr 13 09 |
Daniel Russell USFWS April 2009 |
This presentation by Daniel Russell with USFWS was given in our 2009 CTS workshop. It outlines basic information regarding current information regarding the federal Endangered Species Act with regard to the California tiger salamander. |
| PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS | ||
| A comparison of the food habits of Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum, and Ambystoma tigrinum californiense PDF, 388KB May 27 14 |
James D. Anderson Herpetologica 24(4):273-284 1968 |
The present study compares the food habits of the following: 1) adult and larval Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum and A. m. sigillatum; 2) sympatric larvae of A. m. croceum and A. tigrinum californiense; 3) different age classes of one population of A. m. sigillatum. |
| Alternative forms for genomic clines PDF, 3.4MB May 28 14 |
Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick Ecology and Evolution 3(7):1951-1966 2013 |
I propose two alternative cline models, implement multivariate outlier detection to identify markers associated with hybrid fitness, and simulate hybrid zone dynamics to evaluate the signatures of different modes of selection. |
| Amphibian Upland Habitat Use & Its Consequences for Population Viability PDF, 197KB Jun 05 08 |
Peter C. Trenham & H. Bradley Shaffer Ecological Applications 15(4):1158-1168 2005 |
http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/shafferlab/publications.htm |
| Assessing Suitability for Conservation Action: Prioritizing Interpond Linkages for the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 396KB May 28 14 |
Christopher R. Pyke Conservation Biology, 19(2):492-503 2005 |
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| Calculating Biologically Accurate Mitigation Credits: Insights from the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 415KB Feb 15 11 |
Christopher Searcy and Bradley Shaffer Conservation Biology 22(4):997-1005 2008 |
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| Can California Ranchers Save The Tiger Salamander? PDF, 134KB Apr 20 07 |
Erik Stokstad Science 305:1554 September 10, 2004 |
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| Cattle Grazing Mediates Climate Change Impacts on Ephemeral Wetlands PDF, 193KB May 28 14 |
Christopher R. Pyke and Jaymee Marty Conservation Biology 19(5):1619-1625 2005 |
We used a combination of experimental manipulations and simulation modeling to investigate the effects of interactions between cattle grazing and regional climate change on vernal pool communities. |
| Data on the Life History of Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Gray PDF, 142KB May 27 14 |
Victor C. Twitty Copeia, No. 1:1-4 1941 |
Since relatively little information is available concerning the Ambystoma of California, it seems desirable to record certain data accumulated during the past few years, mostly incidental to the collection of embryos and adults for experimental purposes. |
| Delayed life history effects, multilevel selection, and evolutionary trade-offs in the California tiger salamander PDF, 2.4MB May 28 14 |
Christopher A. Searcy, Levi N. Gray, Peter C. Trenham, and H. Bradley Shaffer Ecology, 95(1):68-77 2014 |
In this study, we used multiple mark–recapture techniques enabled by a large trapping array to monitor components of fitness and resulting DLHEs in a population of the endangered California tiger salamander |
| Demography and breeding phenology of the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) in an urban landscape PDF, 1.4MB May 27 14 |
David G. Cook, Peter C. Trenham, and Philip T. Northen Northwestern Naturalist 87:215-224 2006 |
Although developed landscapes are less than optimal for the long-term conservation of this species, our study shows that populations may persist with some degree of adjacent development. |
| Distribution of Migrating Adults Related to the Location of Remnant Grassland around an Urban California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) Breeding Pool PDF, 341KB Aug 01 08 |
Peter C. Trenham and David G. Cook Urban Herpetology, Herpetological Conservation, Mitchell, J.C., and R.E. Jung Brown (Eds.). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. 2008 |
Chapter 2 |
| Ecosystem Services are Social–ecological Services in a Traditional Pastoral System: the Case of California’s Mediterranean Rangelands PDF, 1.4MB Jun 24 14 |
Lynn Huntsinger and Jose L. Oviedo Ecology and Society, 19 (1):8 2014 |
Using a social–ecological systems perspective, we explore the integral role of human activity and decisions at pasture, ranch, and landscape scales. |
| Effective population size is strongly correlated with breeding pond size in the endangered California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense PDF, 500KB Jun 24 14 |
Ian J. Wang, Jarrett R. Johnson, Benjamin B. Johnson, H. Bradley Shaffer Conserv Genet 12:911-920 2011 |
We sampled 203 individuals from 10 breeding ponds on a local landscape, and used 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci to quantify genetic structure, gene flow, and effective population sizes. |
| Effects of Cattle Grazing on Diversity in Ephemeral Wetlands PDF, 189KB May 28 14 |
Jaymee T. Marty Conservation Biology, 19(5):1626-1632 2005 |
Across 72 vernal pools, I examined the effect of different grazing treatments (ungrazed, continuously grazed, wet-season grazed and dry-season grazed) on vernal-pool plant and aquatic faunal diversity in the Central Valley of California. |
| Effects of tail-clipping on survivorship and growth of larval salamanders PDF, 414KB Jun 24 14 |
Rebecca L. Polich, Christopher A. Searcy, and H. Bradley Shaffer The Journal of Wildlife Management 77(7):1420-1425 2013 |
We used a semi-natural mesocosm experiment to determine the effect of larval tail-clipping on growth and survival of the endangered California tiger salamander. |
| Environment-dependent admixture dynamics in a tiger salamander hybrid zone PDF, 2.7MB May 27 14 |
Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick and H. Bradley Shaffer Evolution, 58(6):1282-1293 2004 |
We studied genetic and ecological factors influencing admixture of these two divergent gene pools by analyzing frequencies of hybrid genotypes in three kinds of breeding habitats: natural vernal pools, ephemeral man-made cattle ponds, and perennial man-made ponds. |
| Exploring the Status of Population Genetics: The Role of Ecology PDF, 232KB May 28 14 |
Roberta L. Millstein Biol Theory 7:346-357 2013 |
I argue that population genetics is a powerful and useful tool that continues to be used and modified, even if it isn’t required for all evolutionary explanations or doesn’t incorporate all the causal factors of evolution. |
| Habitat Use and Migration Behavior of the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 134KB May 27 14 |
Ivette Loredo, Dirk Van Vuren, and Michael L. Morrison Journal of Herpetology, 30(2):282-285 1996 |
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| Hybrid vigor between native and introduced salamanders raises new challenges for conservation PDF, 370KB May 28 14 |
Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick and H. Bradley Shaffer Pnas, 104(40):15793-15797 2007 |
Here, we measured natural selection caused by differential viability of hybrid larvae in wild populations where native California Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma californiense) and introduced Barred Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) have been hybridizing for 50–60 years. |
| Hybridization Between a Rare, Native Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and its Introduced Congener PDF, 310KB Jun 05 08 |
Seth P. D. Riley, H. Bradley Shaffer, S. Randal Voss, & Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick Ecological Applications 13(5):1263-1275 2003 |
http://www2.eve.ucdavis.edu/shafferlab/publications.htm |
| Introduction history and habitat variation explain the landscape genetics of hybrid tiger salamanders PDF, 2.3MB May 28 14 |
Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick and H. Bradley Shaffer Ecological Applications, 17(2):598-608 2007 |
We describe the extent of introgression between native California tiger salamanders (Ambystomacaliforniense) and introduced barred tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum mavortium) relative to habitat, distance from introduction sites, and watershed boundaries. |
| Invasive hybrid tiger salamander genotypes impact native amphibian PDF, 1MB May 27 14 |
Maureen E. Ryan, Jarrett R. Johnson, and Benjamin Fitzpatrick Pnas, 106(27):11166-11171 2009 |
Examines the ecological effects of hybridization between the native, threatened California Tiger Salamander and the introduced Barred Tiger Salamander. |
| Landscape genetics and least-cost path analysis reveal unexpected dispersal routes in the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) PDF, 3.4MB May 28 14 |
Ian J. Wang, Wesley K. Savage, and H. Bradley Shaffer Molecular Ecology 18:1365-1374 2009 |
We present a methodology for identifying the costs of dispersal through different habitats for the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense), an endangered species restricted to grassland/vernal pool habitat mosaics. |
| Late summer movement and mass mortality in the California tiger salamander PDF, 561KB May 27 14 |
Dan C. Holland, Marc P. Hayes, and Eben McMillian The Southwestern Naturalist, 35(2):217-220 1990 |
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| Lethal Effects of Water Quality on Threatened California Salamanders but Not on Co-Occurring Hybrid Salamanders PDF, 575KB May 28 14 |
Maureen E. Ryan, Jarrett R. Johnson, Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick, Linda J. Lowenstine, Angela M. Picco, and H. Bradley Shaffer Conservation Biology, 27(1):95-102 2012 |
We necropsied native and hybrid salamanders, tested water quality, and queried the California Department of Pesticide Regulation database to investigate possible causes of the die-offs. |
| Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 101KB Feb 15 11 |
Peter C. Trenham, H. Bradley Shaffer, Walter D. Koenig, and Mark R. Stromberg Copeia 2:365-377 2000 |
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| Microhabitat use and migration distance of an endangered grassland amphibian PDF, 475KB May 28 14 |
Christopher A. Searcy, Emilio Gabbai-Saldate, and H. Bradley Shaffer Biological Conservation 158:80-87 2013 |
Our results emphasize the importance of replicating landscape ecological studies over sites and years, particularly for endangered taxa where effective management hinges on understanding the variability in habitat use across time and space. |
| Movement Patterns and Migration Distances in an Upland Population of California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) PDF, 1.1MB Apr 05 12 |
Susan G. Orloff Herpetological Conservation and Biology 6(2):266-276 2011 |
In situations where translocation is used to remove salamanders from upland habitats subject to development, results suggest it may take several years to successfully relocate a high proportion of individuals in the population. |
| Parallel tagged amplicon sequencing reveals major lineages and phylogenetic structure in the North American tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) species complex PDF, 2.8MB Jun 24 14 |
Eric M. O'Neill, Rachel Schwartz, C. Thomas Bullock, Joshua S. Williams, H. Bradley Shaffer, X. Aguilar-Miguel, Gabriela Parra-Olea, and David W. Weisrock Molecular Ecology, 22(1):111-129 2012 |
We present the results of an initial application of parallel tagged sequencing (PTS) on a next-generation platform to sequence thousands of barcoded PCR amplicons generated from 95 nuclear loci and 93 individuals sampled across the range of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) species complex. |
| Rapid spread of invasive genes into a threatened native species PDF, 622KB May 27 14 |
Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick, Jarrett R. Johnson, D. Kevin Kump, Jeramiah J. Smith, S. Randal Voss, and H. Bradley Shaffer Pnas 107(8):3606-3610 2010 |
We document the spread of a few introduced genes 90 km into a threatened native species (the California Tiger Salamander) in 60 years. |
| Reproductive Ecology of a Population of the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 238KB May 27 14 |
Ivette Loredo and Dirk Van Vuren Copeia, 4:895-901 1996 |
We studied breeding migrations and variation in reproductive traits of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense, in Contra Costa County, California over two winter breeding seasons and three summer metamorphosis seasons (1992-1994). |
| Retention of low-fitness genotypes over six decades of admixture between native and introduced tiger salamanders PDF, 397KB Jun 13 14 |
Jarrett R. Johnson, Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick, and H Bradley Shaffer BMC Evolutionary Biology 10:147 2010 |
Based on first- and second- generation cross types, our results suggest that the initial barrier to gene flow between these two species was relatively weak, and subsequent evolution has been generally slow. |
| Short pond hydroperiod decreases fitness of nonnative hybrid salamanders in California PDF, 619KB May 28 14 |
J. R. Johnson, M. E. Ryan, S. J. Micheletti, and H. B. Shaffer Animal Conservation 16:556-565 2013 |
Our study experimentally examines the relationship between hydroperiod and fitness of three classes of salamanders: native, nonnative and hybrid. |
| Short- , medium- , and long-term repeatability of locomotor performance in the tiger salamander Ambystoma californiense PDF, 999KB May 27 14 |
C. C. Austin and H. B. Shaffer Functional Ecology 6:145-153 1992 |
This review suggests that (1) repeat abilities for amphibians are generally lower than for squamates, and(2) in all cases, repeatability of locomotor performance declines over time. |
| Spatial Tests of the Pesticide Drift, Habitat Destruction, UV-B, and Climate-Change Hypotheses for California Amphibian Declines PDF, 2.8MB May 27 14 |
Carlos Davidson, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Mark R. Jennings Conservation Biology, 16(6):1588-1601 2002 |
Wind-borne pesticides have long been suggested as a cause of amphibian declines in areas without obvious habitat destruction. |
| Spatially Autocorrelated Demography and Interpond Dispersal In The Salamander Ambystoma californiense PDF, 339KB Aug 01 08 |
Peter C. Trenham, Walter D. Koenig and H. Bradley Shaffer Ecology, 82(12):3519-3530 2001 |
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| Susceptibility of the Endangered California Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma californiense, to Ranavirus Infection PDF, 167KB May 28 14 |
Angela M. Picco, Jesse L. Brunner, and James P. Collins Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43(2):286-290 2007 |
In this report, we demonstrate that the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense, is susceptible to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). This virus has not been previously reported in California tiger salamander, but observed mortality in experimentally infected animals suggests that California tiger salamander populations could be adversely affected by an ATV introduction. |
| Sympatry in California tiger salamander and California red-legged frog breeding habitat within their overlapping range PDF, 145KB May 28 14 |
Jeff A. Alvarez, Mary A. Shea, Jeffery T. Wilcox, Mark A. Allaback, Sarah M. Foster, Gretchen E. Padgett-Flohr, and Jennifer L. Haire California Fish and Game, 99(1):42-48 2013 |
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| Terrestrial distribution of pond-breeding salamanders around an isolated wetland PDF, 357KB May 28 14 |
David E. Scott, Mark J. Komoroski, Dean A. Croshaw, and Philip M. Dixon Ecology, 94(11):2537-2546 2013 |
We used an encircling drift fence at a breeding pond in conjunction with partial fences at 90, 172, and 332 m from the wetland to estimate the terrestrial distribution of adult marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum; four breeding seasons) and mole salamanders (A. talpoideum; two seasons), as well as the dispersion of newly metamorphosed A. opacum (one summer). |
| Terrestrial habitat use by adult California tiger salamanders PDF, 666KB Aug 01 08 |
Peter C. Trenham Journal of Herpetology, 35(2):343-346 2001 |
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| The Decline of Amphibians in California's Great Central Valley PDF, 1.8MB May 23 14 |
Robert N. Fisher and H. Bradley Shaffer Conservation Biology 10(5):1387-1397 1996 |
Declines in amphibian populations are rarely reported on the community or ecosystem level. We combined broad-scale field sampling with historical analyses of museum records to quantify amphibian declines in California's Great Central Valley |
| The effectiveness of pond-breeding salamanders as agents of larval mosquito control PDF, 150KB May 25 16 |
Robert Brodman
Ryan Dorton Journal of Freshwater Ecology 21(3):467-474 2006 |
"suggests...tiger salamander population can eat a large number of mosquito larvae and could be effective natural agents in the biological control of larval mosquito populations." |
| The Effects of Livestock on California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyii) PDF, 209KB Apr 20 07 |
Jeffrey S. Fehmi, Sabrina E. Russo, James W. Bartolome Rangeland Ecology and Management 58:352-359 July 2005 |
Using livestock exclosures, we examined the effects of moderate cattle grazing on the abundance of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyii Richardson) and the spatial distribution of active burrows within their colonies in grassland and blue oak savanna habitats in the coastal range of California over a 3-year period. Relative population densities of California ground squirrel did not differ between grazed and ungrazed colonies or between habitats. |
| The molecular phylogenetics of endangerment: cryptic variation and historical phylogeography of the California tiger salamander, Ambystoma californiense PDF, 317KB Feb 15 11 |
H. Bradley Shaffer, Gregory B. Pauly, Jeffrey C. Oliver, and Peter C. Trenham Molecular Ecology 13:3033-3049 2004 |
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| The origin of tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) populations in California, Oregon, and Nevada: introductions or relicts? PDF, 544KB Jun 24 14 |
Jarrett R. Johnson, Robert C. Thomson, Steven J. Micheletti, and H. Bradley Shaffer Conserv Genet 12:355-370 2011 |
We used genetic sequence data to determine the provenance of all known extralimital A. tigrinum populations in California and adjacent Oregon and Nevada through comparison with reference samples from the native range of A. tigrinum. |
| The polytypic species revisited: genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata) complex PDF, 2.8MB Aug 01 08 |
H. Bradley Shaffer; Mark L. McKnight Evolution, 50(1):417-433 Feb. 1996 |
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| The Status of the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) at Lagunita:A 50-year Update PDF, 188KB May 27 14 |
Sean J. Barry and H. Bradley Shaffer Journal of Herpetology, 28(2):159-164 1994 |
We review the history of the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) population at Lagunita, a114-year old reservoir at Stanford University, Santa Clara County, California |
| OTHER INFORMATION | ||
| Ambystoma californiense Gray, 1853, California tiger salamander PDF, 32KB Apr 15 09 |
Shaffer, H. B., and P. C. Trenham M. Lannoo, editor. Amphibian Declines - The Conservation Status of United States Species. University of California Press, Berkeley 2005 |
Book chapter featuring conservation status and biological information on the California tiger salamander. |
| Ambystoma californiense, California Tiger Salamander...chapter in PDF, 32KB Feb 15 11 |
Bradley Shaffer and Pete Trenham Berkeley Press 2005 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for the Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment of the California Tiger Salamander PDF, 251KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 53, 13498-13520 2003 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the California Tiger Salamander; and Special Rule Exemption for Existing Routine Ranching Activities PDF, 323KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 69, No. 149, 47212-47248 2004 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Emergency Rule To List the Santa Barbara County Distinct Population of the California Tiger Salamander as Endangered PDF, 299KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 12, 3096-3109 2000 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule To List the Santa Barbara County Distinct Population of the California Tiger Salamander as Endangered PDF, 338KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 184, 57242-57264 2000 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing the Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment of the California Tiger Salamander as Endangered PDF, 164KB May 28 14 |
United State Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 67, No. 140, 47758-47760 2002 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposal To List the Santa Barbara County Distinct Population of the California Tiger Salamander as Endangered PDF, 244KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 12, 3110-3111 2000 |
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| Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Recycled Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions PDF, 288KB May 28 14 |
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Register, Vol. 67, No. 114, 40657-40679 2002 |
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| Great Valley Vernal Pool Distribution, Photorevised 1996 PDF, 34KB May 28 14 |
Robert F. Holland Pages 71-75 in: C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Belk, W.R. Ferren Jr., and R. Ornduff (Editors). Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems – Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA 1998 |
I remapped the distribution of vernal pool habitats throughout California’s Great Valley and up to the conifer zones in the surrounding Cascade - Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges. |
| Report to the Fish and Game Commission: A Status Review of the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) PDF, 7.3MB May 06 11 |
California Department of Fish and Game California Department of Fish and Game January 2010 |
Links
| TITLE | DATE ADDED |
|---|---|
| Interim Guidance on Site Assessment and Field Surveys for Determining Presence or a Negative Finding of the California Tiger Salamander http://www.fws.gov/Pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/documents/CalTigerSalamander.2003.protocol.pdf |
Jan 29 09 |
| Shaffer lab publications, including on CTS https://www.eeb.ucla.edu/Faculty/Shaffer/ |
Jun 12 13 |
| California Herps http://www.californiaherps.com/ |
Jun 25 14 |